Thursday, July 16, 2020
Help Your Students Conquer the Dreaded Blank Page
Help Your Students Conquer the Dreaded Blank Page (0) For students who LOVE to write, there are few things more exciting than a blank page. They donât see white space; they see opportunity, and they canât wait to get started. For many students, however, the opposite is true; just the sight of all that white, empty space fills them with dread. For them, the blank page is a vast wasteland stretching for miles and miles; they have to fill it, and they donât have a clue how to begin. Enter the writing prompt! Writing prompts are an excellent way to create a safe environment that encourages all students, even the most reluctant writers, to express their thoughts without reservation. Students can step out of their personal comfort zones and focus on what they want to say, instead of how theyâre saying it. This approach helps them quiet that âself-editingâ voice that often forces them to proceed with caution, overthinking every word. Writing prompts can also be effective in helping students break through writerâs block, providing a space to record free-flowing thought they can always revisit and organize at a later time if they choose. Writing prompts can be very open-ended and creative, with little to no structure, so students can let their thoughts flow. Some popular types of word prompts include: Open-ended Prompts Give students a simple prompt and ask them to write whatever comes to mind. For example, you might present the following ideas: It must be interesting to be a bumblebee because⦠No matter how long I live, Iâll never⦠Sample Scenarios Present a situation and give characters, a setting, objects, or plot ideas and ask students to weave them all together in a way that makes sense. Try this sample scenario: You walk into your Science classroom and notice no one is there. Youâre not late, but the room is completely unoccupied. You notice there is an empty soda can on the floor near the back wall. Just above it, on the wall, there appears to be a chalk drawing of a famous cartoon hero. You notice that the room isnât quite silent; thereâs a faint humming noise, and it sounds like itâs coming from the chalk drawing. What happened? Question Prompts Pose a question students can answer any way they like. You might ask the following: If you could have any superpower, what would it be and why? Picture Give students a picture and have them write a story about what they see. For example: Itâs a good idea to offer students a choice of prompts. This gives them greater control over their writing, and could provide the spark that leads to greater creativity. Help your students conquer the blank space!
Thursday, May 21, 2020
Jane Eyre Compared to the Great Gatsby - 1299 Words
Jane Eyre and The Great Gatsby The novel Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte and The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald can be compared by what is valued by each character in the novel. Prestige, wealth, and education are some of the few things deemed important in each novel. In Jane Eyre, there is the notion that social status is analogous to wealth. During the novel, Jane is a poor girl who never holds any distinguished positions. As she is planning her wedding, Jane is worried because she cant offer Rochester beauty, money, or connections, but when she discovers her cousins and receives an inheritance, she slowly moves into a position of equality with her true love, Edward Rochester. However, in The Great Gatsby, there is a separationâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦As a mistress and rich woman, she is now equal with Rochester and as a result is able to marry him. Like Jane, Jay Gatsby lacks the equality needed to rekindle a relationship with the love of his life. However, unlike Ja ne, Gatsby is already rich and is longing for a true identity with which he can become a prominent figure in society. Gatsby was a Lieutenant stationed at the base near Daisys home when they started dating and fell in love. Gatsby lied to Daisy and let her believe that he was a person from much the same strata as herself (Fitzgerald 156). He told her that he was a wealthy and prestigious man who can take care of her. Gatsby was soon called off to the war and Daisy promised to wait for him. She ends up marrying Tom Buchanan who has a solid social position and the approval of her parents. Since then, Daisy has moved on with her life with Tom in East Egg, but Gatsbys obsession with her has only grown. Nick learns of Gatsbys fixation when Jordan tells him that Gatsby bought that house so that Daisy would be just across the bay (Fitzgerald 83). His fixation with her has caused him to completely change his life to try to be near her. Like Jane Eyre, Gatsby longs for a position of equality with his loved one. When Gatsby was young, he worked on a yacht owned by a wealthy man named Dan Cody. Gatsby immediately fell in love with wealth and luxury, and when Cody died, heShow MoreRelatedHow To Write Literary Analysis4174 Words à |à 17 Pagesany contradictions or ironies? Great works of literature are complex; great literary essays recognize and explain those complexities. Maybe the title (Happy Days) totally disagrees with the bookââ¬â¢s subject matter (hungry orphans dying in the woods). Maybe the main character acts one way around his family and a completely different way around his friends and associates. If you can find a way to explain a workââ¬â¢s contradictory elements, youââ¬â¢ve got the seeds of a great essay. At this point, you donââ¬â¢t
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Symptoms And Treatment Of Nervous System Disorders
Nervous system disorders can be very debilitating diseases. One of those is Multiple Sclerosis. ââ¬Å"Multiple sclerosis is a disorder of the CNS that affects 2.5 million people worldwide, and 400,000 in North America.â⬠(Holes Human Anatomy and Physiology 13th edition, pg. 366) The CNS or the central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. ââ¬Å"In MS, the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body. Eventually, the disease can cause the nerves themselves to deteriorate or become permanently damaged.â⬠(mayoclinic.org, by mayo clinic staff, Oct. 1, 2015) Knowing the symptoms of MS for early diagnoses is crucial when treating this disease. Symptoms can start mild so sometimes it isnââ¬â¢t caught until it has progressed. ââ¬Å"The first symptoms of MS are often blurred vison and numb limbs.â⬠(Holes Human Anatomy and Physiology 13th edit ion. Pg. 366) For many, these two symptoms alone wouldnââ¬â¢t make them believe that they had much wrong with them at all. ââ¬Å"Signs and symptoms of MS vary widely and depend on the amount of nerve damage and which nerves are affected. Some people with severe MS may lose the ability to walk independently or at all, while others may experience long periods of remission without any new symptoms.â⬠(mayoclinic.org, by: mayo clinic staff, Oct. 1, 2015) There are tests that are ran on a person to make sure that MS is the right diagnosis based off theShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1271 Words à |à 6 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder commonly known as PTSD is a mental illness that forms when one has experienced a traumatic event or an overwhelming event in oneââ¬â¢s life. PTSD can have a severe impact on the nervous system. The nervous system can become stuck in the stressful situation and it will be unable to return to its normal state. PTSD ha s many symptoms such as avoidance, isolation and flashbacks. There are a few treatments for PTSD available and these include medications and therapy. EvenRead MoreDisorders of the Nervous System: Huntingtonââ¬â¢s disease800 Words à |à 4 PagesDisorders of the Nervous System: Huntingtonââ¬â¢s disease Huntingtonââ¬â¢s disease destroys the organs that carry the functions of the central nervous system. Kalat (2013) states, ââ¬Å"Huntington disease (also known as Huntington disease or Huntingtonââ¬â¢s Chorea) is a severe neurological disorder that strikes about 1 person in 10,000 in the United Statesâ⬠(A.B. Young, 1995, p. 258).Individualââ¬â¢s develop the symptoms in their middle age, but even if it is a rare disorders juveniles as well as children before theRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Alzheimer s Disease1220 Words à |à 5 Pagesdiseases and disorders in the world that can attack a humanââ¬â¢s body and destroy certain organ systems in the process. In this paper, you will learn about a particular disease that has been studied by many scientists and doctors for decades. Research hospitals such as Mayo Clinic and John Hopkins University have studied Alzheimerââ¬â¢s disease in order to come to conclusions on what the disease is and what can cure the dise ase. This disease can cause critical damage to a humanââ¬â¢s body from the symptoms to theRead MoreThe Nervous System and Diseases Essay1255 Words à |à 6 PagesNervous System and Diseases Within the human anatomy, an intricate and complex network of specialised nerve fibres and neurons works in collaboration with the central nervous system and peripheral system, designed to carry out the various actions humans perform every day. The nervous system is also known as the master control unit of the human body, as it operates other major functions such as the circulatory and respiratory systems (Jakab, 2006). It is composed of the central nervous system (CNS)Read More Patalogy of the Central Nevrvous System: Multiple Sclerosis1213 Words à |à 5 PagesPathology of the Central Nervous System Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that commonly found in individuals between the ages of 20 and 40. While men with MS tend to have a faster progressing disease, women are more likely than men to develop it. MS comes in many forms due to the extent of the damage and the amount of lesions, along with how quickly it progresses. All of this collectively forms the MS community today and has resulted in new test methods and forms of treatment developed to bothRead MoreAlexander Disease : A Rare Defect Involving The Nervous System1661 Words à |à 7 PagesDisease is a rare defect involving the nervous system. It is part of a classification of uncommon genetic disorders called leukodystrophies that affect the central nervous system by interfering with the growth and nourishment of the myelin sheath. Myelin sheath shields nerve fibers and promotes rapid transmission of nerve impulses. If myelin is not properly nurtured, the transmission of nerve impulses can become disrupted causi ng serious impairment of nervous system functions. Although a majority of casesRead MoreA Short Note On Guillain Barre Syndrome : A Rare And Potentially Fatal Disorder1062 Words à |à 5 PagesGuillain-Barrà © syndrome, also known by its abbreviation GBS, is a rare and potentially fatal disorder in which the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system. The primary role of the peripheral nervous system is to connect the central nervous system to other parts of the body, such as organs, muscles, and skin. Since the almost complete eradication of poliomyelitis, Guillain-Barrà © syndrome has become the most frequent cause of acute flaccid paralysis (Gueler et al. 2004). The incidence ofRead MoreHuntington s Disease And The Nervous System856 Words à |à 4 Pages is a rare pathology among the nervous system. With fewer than 200,000 US cases per year is an inherited condition in which nerve cells in the brain break down over a period of time. This disease will usually start to effect people when they are in their 30s or 40s. Huntingtonââ¬â¢s usually results in psychiatric symptoms, progressive movement and thinking. No cure to this disease exists but physical therapy, drugs, and talk therapy can help manage symptoms. Symptoms Huntington s disease for the mostRead MoreHuntingtonS Disease . Our Bodies And The Functions Of1381 Words à |à 6 PagesSome systems include but not limited too cardiovascular, urinary, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, reproductive, and most importantly the nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system consist of all the nerves that branch off of the brain and spinal cord. With those systems we have the sensory division and the motor division also stemming from those we have the somatic and autonomic nervous system. For all these systems to workRead MoreThe Anatomy And Physiology Of Cerebral Palsy And The Nervous System Essay1679 Words à |à 7 Pagesup of many organ systems that consist of organs and tissues of different anatomies and diverse nomenclature. These organs systems, organs and tissues are prone to thousands of diseases, and one of these diseases is cerebral palsy, which is a disease of the nerv ous system in simple terms. Research relating to cerebral palsy is carried out, whereby the disorder is described, along with its history, and how it affects the nervous system and the brain. The anatomy of the body systems involves with regard
Iago Essay Free Essays
Karolis 12A H/W Iago is a character who is admired and loathed in the equal measure to what extent is he both a hero and villain of Tragedy? In the play Othello by William Shakespeare Iago gets introduced in act 1 scene 1 where he had been complaining to the audience and Roderigo that he had not been chosen to be the lieutenant but Cassio being chosen instead of him by the likes of Othello. Shakespeare from this scene had shown the audience that Iago will be the Stimulus in the play causing the tragedy in the play because we have seen that he has a motive which is to gain revenge over Othello. This will straight show the audience that he is a villain alike character in this play because of this negative motive he has, so in the beginning of Act 1 Scene 1 Iago will be most likely seen as the villain. We will write a custom essay sample on Iago Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now But on the other hand the audience might sympathise with Iago because he had not been chosen to be the lieutenant and that his motive understandable but he will still not be seen as the hero but a character some people can relate with, especially in the context this play had been written, The reason are that most people watching this would have been peasants in their society and the only character they would have been able to relate with is Iago. Also that in the context of this play people might have been a racist and not have seen Othello as a hero but Iago being a victim of Othello because his colour and that they might believe that Othello does not deserve being a general. Iago would be most likely seen as a villain to the modern audience because of his mischievous motive and how out of proportion it is from his goal, the audience might feel sympathy for Iago but will most likely not agree what he is doing is a good enough reason to do his plan, but it is possible that the audience say he is a villain but really it is possible that the audience want him to prosper because of his cunning us of him and his plan. The reason for this is because most production of this genre will not be as good without a cunning villain for example in Shakespeareââ¬â¢s production ââ¬Å"Much ado about nothingâ⬠Don John had been the cunning villain in this play who is much a like to Iago because he had tried to sabotage someoneââ¬â¢s life who had trusted him with a motive which was out of proportion to his goal with a smart plan. So the modern audience would see Iago most likely as villain but might admire him for how mischievous he is and well thought out plan he had constructed and how in the play starting off in such a bad state he is the poppet master in retrospect Likewise the audience will also have their opinion to Iagoââ¬â¢s character but might see him differently as the modern audience would see him, at the context of the play there would be two types of audiences one is the peasants and the other will be the rich. The peasants and the rich might see him differently to the rich for example, the peasants might not understand why he wants the reputation but on the other hand the rich would see it differently to the peasants. But peasants with the rich might like him because in this play he is the only character to directly speak to the audience giving a feeling to of actually knowing and that we know he thoughts unlike any other character. So in extent Iago is seen both as a villain and hero to the audience in the Shakespearean times because of the audience differently sympathies with him so I believe he would be more of a villain at that time but they would admire him for the cunning us of his plan, like the modern audience would see him and that he did not let the fact that Othello did not make him the lieutenant drag and that he still tried to gain his reputation from Cassio and ruin the reputation of Othello doing so and since he had been trying to ruin Othello and in the context Othello might have been despised by the audience and might have believed that he should not be such a high ranking because of his colour. In conclusion both the modern audience would see Iago in a similar way but for different reasons, they would most likely see him as the villain but meaning they loaf him but they admire how well thought out his plan actually is and how good he is at lying while he also has become the character who runs t he show, to the extent that he would be loafed is certain but the audience who admire him is most likely to be a bigger proportion to the audience who donââ¬â¢t. Furthermore I believe he would also be more seen as a villain because he does not suite the definition of a hero in anyway making him most likely the villain as the audience see him How to cite Iago Essay, Essays
Saturday, April 25, 2020
What to do with alcholic paren Essay Example For Students
What to do with alcholic paren Essay What to do With Alcoholic Parents!Many kids feel that they cant do anything when a parent is an alcoholic. In fact, almost every kid who has a parent who is an alcoholic feels that there is nothing they can do. You are wrong. There are many things that you can do if you just think about the situation. If your father/mother is abusing you when he/she drinks there is much that you can do. What about if your mother/father are in denial and he/she will not listen to you when you tell them that they need counseling. There are many sides in which you can take in order to help them solve their problems. We will write a custom essay on What to do with alcholic paren specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now One way people can go around a certain situation is to confront the alcoholic. By doing this you can see if they are in denial with the subject. This may cause some tension is some cases, but it is worth it to know if they are in that state or not of denial. If you do ask them and they do say, Yes than you should talk with him or her and see what do you think that you should do in order to stop drinking. Some people will however, get the ideas that you are trying to run their lives, and make a big scene. If you just do it with out blaming the person and allow them to answer then they will understand and be cooperative about the matter. Another way to try and help an alcoholic is to get them into rehab or counseling. In many cases this is the best and most convenient way to help out him/her with their problem. By doing this you are realizing that the person or people have a problem, and need help. Some people will get offended in this matter, but that is the risk that you have to take. If they do get offended they should see that right there they need help. If they do not get mad or angry than maybe they did not have a problem at all, and you made a mistake. There are many counseling opportunities that one can go to in-order to get help. The people that end up going to rehab, are the ones that still remain having the problem.In many cases rehab only makes matters worse. It is a good idea in certain situations, but teenagers should not be going to these places. It makes them feel worse and causes them to drink more often. The other way that you can help an alcoholic parent is to do what they say. Sometimes kids feel that if they do what they say it gives them the gratitude of power. So some kids do not listen and that causes some of the parents to drink more often and frequently. This is one of the worst things that you can do when it comes to an alcoholic parent. Not listening to them makes them feel that you dont care about them at all. They think that you are thinking you can do what you want when you want to do it. It is not the case, but that is how an alcoholic parent sees it in his or her perspective.Yes there are many other ways you can approach an alcoholic parent, but these are the ways that I feel are most helpful. If you do come across and alcoholic the best thing you can do it to just be there for him/her when they need it.
Wednesday, March 18, 2020
65 Compound Words Ending in Stone
65 Compound Words Ending in Stone 65 Compound Words Ending in Stone 65 Compound Words Ending in Stone By Mark Nichol Dozens of compound words, all but a few closed, end with the word stone, though some of the terms have figurative senses stemming from the original meaning and a few do not refer to actual types of rock at all. Hereââ¬â¢s a list of most if not all compound words in which stone is the second element, with accompanying definitions. 1. birthstone: a gem symbolically associated with the month of oneââ¬â¢s birth 2. bloodstone: a type of quartz with red spots that resemble drops of blood 3. bluestone: a bluish stone used in building 4. bondstone: a stone whose length is equal to the thickness of a wall that is placed in the wall to help strengthen it 5. brimstone: a traditional word for sulfur, chiefly used in the phrase ââ¬Å"fire and brimstone,â⬠referring to sermons in which churchgoers are dramatically warned about hell 6. brownstone: a building stone, and a type of house commonly clad with a layer of the stone 7. capstone: a slanted stone used on the top layer of a wall to allow water to drain off the top; also, figuratively refers to a high point in oneââ¬â¢s experience or life 8. cherrystone: a type of clam 9. clingstone: a type of fruit with flesh connected to the stone, or pit 10. cobblestone: a round stone used to pave streets 11. copestone: see capstone 12. cornerstone: a stone placed on the corner of a building, including one traditionally inscribed with the date the building was constructed; also, figuratively refers to something of fundamental importance 13. coverstone: an aggregate of minerals used to cover treated pavement 14. curbstone: a stone, or concrete, used to form a curb 15. dripstone: a stone that projects over a door or window as an awning, or a stalactite or stalagmite made of calcium carbonate 16. drystone: in British English, an adjective describing a wall constructed of stone without mortar 17. fieldstone: a stone found in a field and used for some purpose without alteration 18. firestone: another word for flint (a type of quartz once used to start fires by sparking), or any stone impervious to high heat 19. flagstone: a flat, hard stone used to make paths 20. flintstone: pieces of flint used in construction 21. flowstone: a deposit of calcite formed by water running along or over a caveââ¬â¢s walls or floor 22. footstone: a stone placed at the foot of a grave 23. freestone: a stone able to be cut without splitting, or a stone, or pit, of a fruit not attached to the flesh or fruit with such a pit 24. gallstone: a hard object that forms in the gallbladder 25. gemstone: a stone of such quality that it can be used in jewelry 26. gladstone: a type of suitcase 27. goldstone: a type of glass to which particles of gold-colored material are applied 28. gravestone: a stone that marks the location of a grave and is often engraved with information about that person 29. greenstone: any of various greenish stones, such as a type of jade 30. grindstone: a turning stone wheel against which hard objects such as tools are smoothed or sharpened 31. hailstone: a piece of hail 32. headstone: see gravestone 33. hearthstone: a stone forming part of a hearth, or the floor or interior of a fireplace; also, figuratively, the home 34. holystone: a sandstone used to scrub a shipââ¬â¢s wooden decks 35. hornstone: a type of quartz resembling brittle flint 36. inkstone: a flat stone used as a palette in Chinese art and calligraphy 37. ironstone: a type of rock in which iron is found, or a type of pottery 38. keystone: a large stone at the apex of an arch used to hold the other stones in place; also, figuratively, something on which other things depend 39. lightstone: a grayish yellow 40. limestone: a white building stone 41. lodestone: a magnetic rock 42. merestone: a stone marking a boundary or serving as a landmark 43. milestone: a stone, inscribed with the distance to a specific place, located at the side of a road; also, figuratively, an important event or point of progress 44. millstone: one of two large, round, flat stones sandwiched together and rotated to grind grain; also, figuratively, a burdensome problem or responsibility 45. moonstone: feldspar used as a gem 46. mudstone: a shale formed from consolidated mud 47. oilstone: a whetstone for use with oil 48. philosopherââ¬â¢s stone: an imaginary substance supposedly able to transmute metals into gold 49. pipestone: a stone used for carving into objects (including pipes for smoking tobacco) 50. potstone: a mineral used by prehistoric humans to make cooking vessels 51. rhinestone: a stone resembling a diamond used in decoration and jewelry 52. rolling stone: a figurative term for an itinerant person 53. sandstone: a soft stone made of compacted sand 54. siltstone: a rock made of compacted silt 55. snakestone: any of several types of stones said to help heal a snakebite, a type of stone used in whetstones or for polishing, or a prehistoric shelled animal also known as an ammonite 56. soapstone: a soft stone formed mostly of talc 57. stepping stone: a large, flat stone in a shallow stream that one can step on to cross the water; also, figuratively, something that one can use to achieve a goal 58. toadstone: a stone, supposedly formed inside a toad, used as a charm or as an amulet against poison 59. tombstone: see gravestone 60. touchstone: originally, a small slab of dark stone on which a soft precious metal alloy would leave a trace when the alloy was rubbed against the stone, enabling assayers to evaluate the quality of the alloy; also, figuratively, something used as the basis for judging the quality of something else 61. turnstone: one of several types of birds 62. waterstone: a grindstone or millstone moistened with water instead of oil 63. whetstone: a stone used for sharpening blades 64. whinstone: basaltic rock or similar types of rocks 65. whitestone: an imitation gemstone such as a rhinestone Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)5 Lessons for Mixing Past and Present TenseStarting a Business Letter with Dear Mr.
Sunday, March 1, 2020
Latin American City Structure Model
Latin American City Structure Model In 1980, geographers Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford developed a generalized model to describe the structure of cities in Latin America after concluding that the organization of many cities in that region grew following certain patterns. Their general model (diagrammed here) claims that Latin American cities are built up around a core central business district (CBD). Out of that district comes a commercial spine that is surrounded by elite housing. These areas are then surrounded by three concentric zones of housing that decrease in quality as one moves away from the CBD. Background and Development of Latin American City Structure As many Latin American Cities began to grow and develop during colonial times, their organization was mandated by a set of laws called the Laws of the Indies. These were a set of laws issued by Spain to regulate the social, political, and economic structure of its colonies outside of Europe. These laws mandated everything from treatment of the Indians to the width of the streets. In terms of city structure, the Laws of the Indies required that colonial cities have a grid pattern built around a central plaza. Blocks near the plaza were for residential development for the citys elite. The streets and development farther from the central plaza were then developed for those with less social and economic status. As these cities later began to grow and the Laws of the Indies no longer applied, this grid pattern worked only in areas with slow development and minimal industrialization. In faster growing cities this central area became built up as a central business district (CBD). These areas were the economic and administrative cores of the cities but they did not expand much prior to the 1930s. In the mid- to late 20th century the CBD began to further expand and the organization of the colonial cities of Latin America was mostly demolished and the stable central plaza became the node for the evolution of an Anglo-American styled CBD. As the cities continued to grow, various industrial activities built up around the CBD because of a lack of infrastructure father away. This resulted in a mix of business, industry, and homes for the wealthy near the CBD. Around this same time, Latin American cities also experienced in-migration from the countryside and high birth rates as the poor tried to move closer to cities for work. This resulted in the development of squatter settlements on the edge of many cities. Because these were are on the periphery of the cities they were also the least developed. Over time, however, these neighborhoods became more stable and gradually obtained more infrastructure. Model of Latin American City Structure In looking at these developmental patterns of Latin American cities, Griffin and Ford developed a model to describe their structure that can be applied to almost all major cities in Latin America. This model shows that most cities have a central business district, one dominant elite residential sector, and a commercial spine. These areas are then surrounded by a series of concentric zones that decrease in residential quality farther from the CBD. Central Business District The center of all Latin American cities is the central business district. These areas are home to the best employment opportunities and they are the commercial and entertainment hubs for the city. They are also very well developed in terms of infrastructure and most have many modes of public transportation so that people can easily get into and out of them. Spine and Elite Residential Sector After the CBD the next most dominant part of Latin American cities is the commercial spine that is surrounded by residential developments for the most elite and wealthy people in the city. The spine itself is considered an extension of the CBD and it is home to many commercial and industrial applications. The elite residential sector is where nearly all of the citys professionally built houses are and the upper class and upper middle class live in these regions. In many cases, these areas also have large tree-lined boulevards, golf courses, museums, restaurants, parks, theaters, and zoos. Land use planning and zoning are also very strict in these areas. Zone of Maturity The zone of maturity is located around the CBD and is considered an inner city location. These areas have better-constructed homes and in many cities, these areas have middle-income residents who filtered in after the upper class residents moved out of the inner city and into the elite residential sector. These areas have a fully developed infrastructure. Zone of in Situ Accretion The zone of in situ accretion is a transitional area for Latin American cities that is between the zone of maturity and the zone of peripheral squatter settlements. The homes are of modest qualities that vary widely in size, type, and quality of materials. These areas look like they are in a constant state of on-going construction and homes are unfinished. Infrastructure such as roads and electricity is only completed in some areas. Zone of Peripheral Squatter Settlements The zone of peripheral squatter settlements is located on the edge of Latin American cities and it is where the poorest people in the cities live. These areas have virtually no infrastructure and many homes are built by their residents using whatever materials they can find. Older peripheral squatter settlements are better developed as residents often continually work to improve the areas, while newer settlements are just starting. Age Differences in Latin American City Structure Like the age differences present in the zone of peripheral squatter settlements age differences are important in the overall structure of Latin American cities as well. In older cities with slow population growth, the zone of maturity is often larger and the cities appear more organized than younger cities with very fast population growth. As a result, the size of each zone is a function of the age of the city and of the rate of population growth in relation to the economic capacity of the city to absorb effectively additional residents and to extend public services. Revised Model of Latin American City Structure In 1996 Larry Ford presented a revised model of Latin American city structure after further development in the cities made them more complicated than the 1980 general model showed. His revised model (diagrammed here) incorporated six changes to the original zones. The changes are as follows: 1) The new central city should be divided into a CBD and a Market. This change shows that many cities now have offices, hotels, and retail structures in their downtowns as well as their original CBDs. 2) The spine and elite residential sector now have a mall or edge city at the end to provide goods and services to those in the elite residential sector. 3) Many Latin American cities now have separate industrial sectors and industrial parks that are outside of the CBD. 4) Malls, edge cities, and industrial parks are connected in many Latin American cities by a periferico or ring highway so that residents and workers can travel between them easier. 5) Many Latin American cities now have middle class housing tracts that are located close to the elite housing sector and the periferico. 6) Some Latin American cities are also undergoing gentrification to protect historical landscapes. These areas are often located in the zone of maturity near the CBD and the elite sector. This revised model of Latin American city structure still takes into account the original model but it allows for new the development and changes that constantly occur in the rapidly growing Latin American region. Resources and Further Reading Ford, Larry R. A New and Improved Model of Latin American City Structure. Geographical Review, vol. 86, no.3, 1996.Griffin, Ernest and Ford, Larry. A Model of Latin American City Structure. Geographical Review, vol. 70, no. 4, 1980.
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